{"id":1062,"date":"2020-12-22T15:16:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-22T14:16:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tenconcept.net\/169prod\/?p=1062"},"modified":"2020-12-29T15:09:37","modified_gmt":"2020-12-29T14:09:37","slug":"fragmentation-du-mouvement-feministe-en-iran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/fragmentation-du-mouvement-feministe-en-iran\/","title":{"rendered":"Fragmentation du mouvement f\u00e9ministe en Iran\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"tie-dropcap \">S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">i l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2018 a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par d\u2019importantes mobilisations contre l\u2019obligation du port du voile en Iran, le pays assiste actuellement \u00e0 un nouveau ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui vient briser le silence des victimes d\u2019agressions sexuelles. En effet, face au harc\u00e8lement sexuel, \u00e0 la stigmatisation des victimes, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019impunit\u00e9 des agresseurs, plusieurs Iraniennes brisent \u00e0 leur tour le silence sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, dans la mouvance du mouvement #metoo<\/span><sup>[1]<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"entry-content blog_post_text blog_post_description col-md-8 col-md-pull-4\">\n<p>Les revendications r\u00e9centes pour la reconnaissance des droits des femmes et l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 devant la loi s\u2019inscrivent dans un mouvement f\u00e9ministe iranien \u00e9mergeant d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 la fin du 19<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup>&nbsp;si\u00e8cle.&nbsp;En effet,&nbsp;la condition de la femme iranienne a depuis beaucoup \u00e9volu\u00e9e et fluctu\u00e9e. Du d\u00e9but de l\u2019activisme f\u00e9minin de la p\u00e9riode constitutionnelle de 1905, \u00e0 la r\u00e9volution islamique de 1979, en passant par le r\u00e8gne plus lib\u00e9ral et moderniste des Pahlavis de 1925 \u00e0 1979, les femmes ont vu leur statut social, leur r\u00f4le dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, ainsi que leurs droits devant la justice se modifier et se transformer consid\u00e9rablement.<\/p>\n<p>D\u2019un point de vue juridique, la rupture introduite par la r\u00e9volution islamique fut importante et d\u00e9favorable aux femmes. Plusieurs lois furent suspendues, alors que le Code de la famille introduit sous le Shah d\u2019Iran fut remplac\u00e9 par la loi islamique. L\u2019\u00e2ge minimal du mariage passa de 18 \u00e0 13 ans, l\u2019obligation du port du voile fut appliqu\u00e9e alors qu\u2019il avait \u00e9t\u00e9 rendu interdit sous le Shah et l\u2019\u00c9tat appliqua plusieurs lois sur le divorce d\u00e9savantageant la femme. En outre, dans le contexte de la guerre contre l\u2019Irak, le pouvoir islamiste a pu mettre en place davantage de lois portant atteinte aux libert\u00e9s individuelles, sp\u00e9cialement pour les femmes. Par exemple, en justice, le t\u00e9moignage d\u2019un homme \u00e9quivaut d\u00e9sormais au t\u00e9moignage de deux femmes<sup>[2]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Toutefois, en d\u00e9pit d\u2019un code civil et p\u00e9nal accroissant les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s entre les hommes et les femmes, la politique privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e par la nouvelle R\u00e9publique islamique visait \u00e0 \u00e9duquer toute la population, les femmes au m\u00eame titre que les hommes. Les femmes \u00e9taient donc de plus en plus \u00e9duqu\u00e9es et mobilis\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de la r\u00e9volution islamique et lors de la guerre contre l\u2019Irak, ce qui permit une r\u00e9int\u00e9gration progressive des femmes dans la sph\u00e8re publique<sup>[3]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Depuis, des progr\u00e8s spectaculaires ont lieu tant au niveau de la place des femmes sur le march\u00e9 du travail, dans le milieu de l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur, de la politique, etc. Ces progr\u00e8s entrent en contradiction avec les lois conservatrices et sexistes ayant tr\u00e8s peu \u00e9volu\u00e9 depuis la r\u00e9volution, car si ces femmes occupent actuellement une plus grande place dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, ce n\u2019est pas gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la R\u00e9publique islamique, mais malgr\u00e9 elle<sup>[4]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Mais qu\u2019est-ce qui pourrait expliquer que ces lois et la situation juridique n\u2019aient pas suivi l\u2019\u00e9volution r\u00e9elle de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ? Car malgr\u00e9 plus d\u2019un si\u00e8cle de mobilisation, le mouvement des femmes en Iran n\u2019a toujours pas abouti \u00e0 cette \u00e9galit\u00e9 formelle des droits entre les hommes et les femmes. Les r\u00e9gimes ont toujours r\u00e9sist\u00e9, qu\u2019ils s\u2019agissent des r\u00e9gimes plus r\u00e9formateurs, comme le r\u00e9gime du Shah, ou bien du r\u00e9gime islamiste, suite \u00e0 la r\u00e9volution.<\/p>\n<p>Pour Azadeh Kian, sociologue franco-iranienne, une des raisons pouvant expliquer ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est l\u2019absence de relation entre les activistes et les femmes \u00ab&nbsp;ordinaires&nbsp;\u00bb. Les militantes iraniennes semblent en effet focaliser leur attention sur les femmes de classes ais\u00e9es et moyennes et leurs enjeux. Il semble y avoir peu ou pas d\u2019efforts organis\u00e9s pour prendre en compte les femmes des zones rurales isol\u00e9es qui pourraient avoir une compr\u00e9hension limit\u00e9e de leurs droits sociaux. Les femmes des campagnes, des villages ne sont pas en relation avec les militantes des droits des femmes et n\u2019ont souvent m\u00eame pas connaissance que des mobilisations sont en cours, par exemple lors de la campagne d\u2019un million de signatures<sup>[5]<\/sup>&nbsp;ou encore la campagne contre la violence faite aux femmes. La r\u00e9pression joue bien \u00e9videmment un r\u00f4le, mais il n\u2019y a pas non plus une volont\u00e9 de la part des femmes militantes d\u2019aller vers ces femmes moins \u00e9duqu\u00e9es, \u00ab&nbsp;ordinaires&nbsp;\u00bb. Ces femmes sont plus vuln\u00e9rables aux in\u00e9galit\u00e9s entre les sexes et doivent \u00eatre sensibilis\u00e9es non seulement aux droits dont elles jouissent actuellement, mais \u00e9galement aux probl\u00e8mes propres \u00e0 leur environnement social et culturel<sup>[6]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>On peut toutefois affirmer que ces femmes iraniennes de classe moins ais\u00e9e et vivant dans des endroits plus recul\u00e9s ont consid\u00e9rablement chang\u00e9 et sont dor\u00e9navant beaucoup plus ouvertes et contestataires. Une r\u00e9sistance s\u2019est d\u2019ailleurs organis\u00e9e en leur sein. Par exemple, elles n\u2019acceptent pas de marier leur fille en bas \u00e2ge, elles insistent d\u2019envoyer leurs filles non seulement au lyc\u00e9e et au coll\u00e8ge, mais aussi \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9. Il y a une r\u00e9sistance tr\u00e8s forte de la part de ces femmes ordinaires que les f\u00e9ministes n\u2019ont malheureusement pas assez prise en compte<sup>[7]<\/sup>. Esp\u00e9rons que le dialogue se cr\u00e9\u00e9 et qu\u2019un mouvement national inclusif naisse de cette union.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Maxime Savage. Chercheuse associ\u00e9e au CERMAM<\/em><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\">\n<p><sup>[1]<\/sup>&nbsp;GOLSHIRI, Ghazal, 2020. \u00ab&nbsp;En Iran, les femmes brisent le tabous du viol sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux&nbsp;\u00bb,&nbsp;<em>Le Monde<\/em>&nbsp;(En ligne)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2020\/08\/25\/en-iran-les-femmes-brisent-le-tabou-du-viol-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux_6049893_3210.html\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/international\/article\/2020\/08\/25\/en-iran-les-femmes-brisent-le-tabou-du-viol-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux_6049893_3210.html<\/a>&nbsp;(Consult\u00e9 le 9 septembre 2020)<\/p>\n<p><sup>[2]<\/sup>&nbsp;MALEK, Gabriel, 2018. \u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019essor du f\u00e9minisme en Iran sous la r\u00e9publique islamique&nbsp;\u00bb,&nbsp;<em>Les cl\u00e9s du Moyen-Orient&nbsp;<\/em>(En ligne)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com\/L-essor-du-feminisme-en-Iran-sous-la-Republique-islamique.html\">https:\/\/www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com\/L-essor-du-feminisme-en-Iran-sous-la-Republique-islamique.html<\/a>&nbsp;(Consult\u00e9 le 9 septembre 2020)<\/p>\n<p><sup>[3]<\/sup>&nbsp;KIAN, Azadeh, 2013. \u00ab&nbsp;Femmes et f\u00e9minismes en Iran&nbsp;\u00bb,&nbsp;<em>Universit\u00e9 Populaire de l\u2019iReMMO,<\/em>&nbsp;Paris (En ligne)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sam-network.org\/video\/femmes-et-feminismes-en-iran?curation=26.7\">https:\/\/www.sam-network.org\/video\/femmes-et-feminismes-en-iran?curation=26.7<\/a>&nbsp;(Consult\u00e9 le 9 septembre 2020)<\/p>\n<p><sup>[4]<\/sup>&nbsp;MALEK, Gabriel, 2018. \u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019essor du f\u00e9minisme en Iran sous la r\u00e9publique islamique&nbsp;\u00bb,&nbsp;<em>Les cl\u00e9s du Moyen-Orient&nbsp;<\/em>(En ligne)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com\/L-essor-du-feminisme-en-Iran-sous-la-Republique-islamique.html\">https:\/\/www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com\/L-essor-du-feminisme-en-Iran-sous-la-Republique-islamique.html<\/a>&nbsp;(Consult\u00e9 le 9 septembre 2020)<\/p>\n<p><sup>[5]<\/sup>&nbsp;Campagne men\u00e9e par des militantes iraniennes visant \u00e0 collecter un million de signatures pour changer les l\u00e9gislations et les lois iraniennes et mettre fin aux discriminations.<\/p>\n<p><sup>[6]<\/sup>&nbsp;KIAN, Azadeh, 2013. \u00ab&nbsp;Femmes et f\u00e9minismes en Iran&nbsp;\u00bb,&nbsp;<em>Universit\u00e9 Populaire de l\u2019iReMMO,<\/em>&nbsp;Paris (En ligne)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sam-network.org\/video\/femmes-et-feminismes-en-iran?curation=26.7\">https:\/\/www.sam-network.org\/video\/femmes-et-feminismes-en-iran?curation=26.7<\/a>&nbsp;(Consult\u00e9 le 9 septembre 2020)<\/p>\n<p><sup>[7]<\/sup>&nbsp;<em>Idem<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h3>Don\u2019t wait. The time will never be just right!<\/h3>\n<p>You should never complain, complaining is a weak emotion, you got life, we breathing, we blessed. Surround yourself with angels. They never said winning was easy. Some people can\u2019t handle success, I can. Look at the sunset, life is amazing, life is beautiful, life is what you make it. Life is what you make it, so let\u2019s make it. You should never complain, complaining is a weak emotion, you got life, we breathing, we blessed.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"quote-simple\"><p>Great things in business are never done by one person. They&rsquo;re done by a team of people. <cite>Steve Jobs<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"tie-full-width-img\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/1200x800\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2754\" src=\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/1200x800\" alt=\"post-image-3\" width=\"780\" height=\"402\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"tie-padding  has-padding-left has-padding-right\" style=\"padding-left:5%; padding-right:5%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;\">\n\n\t\t\t<p>\nThey never said winning was easy. Some people can\u2019t handle success, I can. You see the hedges, how I got it shaped up? It\u2019s important to shape up your hedges, it\u2019s like getting a haircut, stay fresh. I told you all this before, when you have a swimming pool, do not use chlorine, use salt water, the healing, salt water is the healing. Look at the sunset, life is amazing, life is beautiful, life is what you make it. Egg whites, turkey sausage, wheat toast, water. Of course they don\u2019t want us to eat our breakfast, so we are going to enjoy our breakfast.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"alignleft quote-simple \"><p>Doing the best at this moment puts you in the best place for the next moment!<cite> Oprah Winfrey<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Give thanks to the most high. You do know, you do know that they don\u2019t want you to have lunch. I\u2019m keeping it real with you, so what you going do is have lunch. Another one.<\/p>\n<p>Egg whites, turkey sausage, wheat toast, water. Of course they don\u2019t want us to eat our breakfast.<\/p>\n<p>It took me twenty five years to get these plants, twenty five years of blood sweat and tears, and I\u2019m never giving up, I\u2019m just getting started. The other day the grass was brown, now it\u2019s green because I ain\u2019t give up. Never surrender.<\/p>\n<p>Major key, don\u2019t fall for the trap, stay focused. It\u2019s the ones closest to you that want to see you fail. Another one. It\u2019s important to use cocoa butter. It\u2019s the key to more success, why not live smooth? Why live rough? The key to success is to keep your head above the water, never give up. Watch your back, but more importantly when you get out the shower, dry your back, it\u2019s a cold world out there.<br \/>\n<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<figure id=\"attachment_2759\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2759\" style=\"width: 780px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:https:\/\/placehold.it\/1200x800\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2759\" src=\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/1200x800\" alt=\"Success is largely a matter of holding on after others have let go.\" width=\"780\" height=\"520\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2759\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Success is largely a matter of holding on after others have let go.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Success is largely a matter of holding on after others have let go!<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A year from now you may wish you had started today.<\/li>\n<li>The question isn\u2019t who is going to let me; it\u2019s who is going to stop me.<\/li>\n<li>Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day-in and day-out.<\/li>\n<li>I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.<\/li>\n<li>If people did not do silly things, nothing intelligent would ever get done.<\/li>\n<li>Before anything else, preparation is the key to success.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Don\u2019t ever play yourself. Put it this way, it took me twenty five years to get these plants, twenty five years of blood sweat and tears, I\u2019m just getting started. <a href=\"https:\/\/tielabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Surround yourself with angels<\/a>, positive energy, beautiful people, beautiful souls, clean heart, angel. It\u2019s on you how you want to live your life. Everyone has a choice. I pick my choice, squeaky clean. I\u2019m up to something. They don\u2019t want us to win. Mogul talk. Look at the sunset, life is amazing, life is beautiful, life is what you make it.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"tie-padding  has-padding-left has-padding-right\" style=\"padding-left:5%; padding-right:5%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;\">\n\n\t\t\t<p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:https:\/\/placehold.it\/1200x800\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-2738\" src=\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/1200x800\" alt=\"post-image-1\" width=\"330\" height=\"495\"><\/a>Action is the foundational key to all success<\/h3>\n<p>In life there will be road blocks but we will over come it. Another one. Learning is cool, but knowing is better, and I know the key to success. The key to more success is to get a massage once a week, very important, major key, cloth talk. I told you all this before, when you have a swimming pool, do not use chlorine, use salt water, the healing, salt water is the healing. I\u2019m up to something. Life is what you make it, so let\u2019s make it. The other day the grass was brown, now it\u2019s green because I ain\u2019t give up. Never surrender.<\/p>\n<p>You see that bamboo behind me though, you see that bamboo? Ain\u2019t nothin\u2019 like bamboo. Bless up. Another one. Give thanks to the most high. A major key, never panic. Don\u2019t panic, when it gets crazy and rough, don\u2019t panic, stay calm. The key to more success is to have a lot of pillows. Eliptical talk. They key is to have every key, the key to open every door. Always remember in the jungle there\u2019s a lot of they in there, after you overcome they, you will make it to paradise.<\/p>\n<h3>Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom<\/h3>\n<p>In life there will be road blocks but we will over come it. Another one. Learning is cool, but knowing is better, and I know the key to success. The key to more success is to get a massage once a week, very important, major key, cloth talk. I told you all this before, when you have a swimming pool, do not use chlorine, use salt water, the healing, salt water is the healing. I\u2019m up to something. Life is what you make it, so let\u2019s make it. The other day the grass was brown, now it\u2019s green because I ain\u2019t give up. Never surrender.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/330x399\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2740\" src=\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/330x399\" alt=\"post-image-2\" width=\"330\" height=\"399\"><\/a>Wraith talk. Congratulations, you played yourself. Stay focused. In life you have to take the trash out, if you have trash in your life, take it out, throw it away, get rid of it, major key. Learning is cool, but knowing is better, and I know the key to success. Let\u2019s see what Chef Dee got that they don\u2019t want us to eat. Cloth talk.<\/p>\n<p>The key to more success is to have a lot of pillows. We the best. I\u2019m giving you cloth talk, cloth. Special cloth alert, cut from a special cloth. I\u2019m giving you cloth talk, cloth. Special cloth alert, cut from a special cloth. Look at the sunset, life is amazing, life is beautiful, life is what you make it. The key to more success is to have a lot of pillows. You should never complain, complaining is a weak emotion, you got life, we breathing, we blessed. You see the hedges, how I got it shaped up? It\u2019s important to shape up your hedges, it\u2019s like getting a haircut, stay fresh. The other day the grass was brown, now it\u2019s green because I ain\u2019t give up. Never surrender.<br \/>\n<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<blockquote><p>Great things in business are never done by one person. They&rsquo;re done by a team of people. <cite>Steve Jobs<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>They never said winning was easy. Some people can\u2019t handle success, I can. You see the hedges, how I got it shaped up? It\u2019s important to shape up your hedges, it\u2019s like getting a haircut, stay fresh. I told you all this before, when you have a swimming pool, do not use chlorine, use salt water, the healing, salt water is the healing. Look at the sunset, life is amazing, life is beautiful, life is what you make it. Egg whites, turkey sausage, wheat toast, water. Of course they don\u2019t want us to eat our breakfast, so we are going to enjoy our breakfast.<\/p>\n<p>Major key, don\u2019t fall for the trap, stay focused. It\u2019s the ones closest to you that want to see you fail. Another one. It\u2019s important to use cocoa butter. It\u2019s the key to more success, why not live smooth? Why live rough? The key to success is to keep your head above the water, never give up. Watch your back, but more importantly when you get out the shower, dry your back, it\u2019s a cold world out there.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Si l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2018 a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par d\u2019importantes mobilisations contre l\u2019obligation du port du voile en Iran, le pays assiste actuellement \u00e0 un nouveau ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui vient briser le silence des victimes d\u2019agressions sexuelles. En effet, face au harc\u00e8lement sexuel, \u00e0 la stigmatisation des victimes, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019impunit\u00e9 des agresseurs, plusieurs Iraniennes brisent \u00e0 leur tour le silence sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, dans la mouvance du mouvement #metoo.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1431,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[5],"class_list":["post-1062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyse","tag-equipe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1062","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1062"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1062\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1433,"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1062\/revisions\/1433"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1062"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1062"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cermam.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}